In the preceding chapter, we saw that the range of the ray of gravitation of the masses, postulated by the temporalist model, is given by the formula r = m½.

We will calculate, for the well-known concentrations of matter, from the earth planet to the greatest structures of the universe, the theoretical ray of gravitation, with finished range, and to confront it with dimensions observed of these various masses (in the cgs system). When the masses are not known with precision, we considered the total mass of a structure equalizes with approximately 100 times the visible mass (in accordance with the estimates of 99 % of dark mass).

2) The sun : mass 2.10.33 g - ray of gravitation 4,5 10.16 cm - limit of the solar system and interstellar space 1,4 to 1,8 10.15 cm (NASA 1993), heliopause 4,5 10.15 cm, Nuage of Ort influenced by stars of the Milky Way 3 10.18 cm (Rosanna L Hamilton 1999)

3) The globular clusters :

Average mass of 10.000 stars either 2.10.33 g x 10.000 = 2.10.37 g - estimated total mass 2.10.39 g - ray of gravitation 4,5 10.19 cm - average ray several tens of L.Y. or 3 to 5 10.19 cm (Hartmut Frommert - Christine Kronberg - 2001)

Average mass 1 million stars or 2.10.33 g x 10.6 = 2.10.39 g - estimated total mass 2.10.41 g - ray of gravitation 4,5 10.20 cm - average ray 200 L.Y. or 2.10.20 cm (Hartmut Frommert - Christine Kronberg - 2001)

M92 - estimated mass about 330.000 suns or 2.10.33 g x 330.000 = 6,6 10.38 g - ray of gravitation 2,6 10.19 cm - ray from 30 to 42 L.Y. are 2,8 to 4 10.19 cm (Hartmut Frommert - Christine Kronberg - 2001)

4) The Milky Way : 200 billion stars either 2.10.11 x 2.10.33 g = 4.10.44 g, estimated mass 10.12 x 2.10.33 g = 2.10.45 g - ray of gravitation 4.5 10.22 cm - ray 50.000 L.Y. or 5 10.22 cm - satellite dwarf galaxy SagDEG located to 5 10.22 cm (Hartmut Frommert - Christine Kronberg - 1999)

5) Galaxies clusters : Typical cluster 10.15 masses of the sun either 2 10.33 g x 10.15 = 2 10.48 g - ray of gravitation 1,4 10.24 cm - typical ray Abell 1,5 Mpc or 5 10.24 cm - (Coma cluster) (Cambridge Cosmology)

6) Superclusters of galaxies : 10 to 32 clusters per supercluster - Our supercluster centered on Virgo, mass 10.16 masses of the sun is 2 10.33 g x 10.16 = 2 10.49 g - the ratio mass/luminosity being of 570 indicates the presence of a significant dark mass - probable ray of gravitation 4,5 10.24 cm / 10.25 cm ( about 1,5 to 3 Mpc ) - ray 2 10.25 cm (Cambridge Cosmology)

7) The Great Attractor : super-supercluster whose center is the supercluster ACO 3627 (or Norma cluster) mass 5 10.16 masses of the sun either 2.10.33 g x 5 10.16 = 10.50 g - ray of gravitation 10.25 cm - distance from the earth 60 Mpc or 1,8 10.26 cm. The data are dubious, because owing to the fact that the Great Attractor is largely hidden by dust of the disc of the Milky Way (Kraan-Korteweg 1998 - 2000)

8) The voids : typical diameters 25 Mpc either 8 10.25 cm which can go up to 124 Mpc or 4 10.26 cm. Their dimensions go beyond the ray of gravitation of the superclusters of galaxies of about 5 10.24 / 2 10.25 cm

9) Great Structures : The galaxies are distributed in gigantic formations, filaments and Great Walls going of 750 million to 4 billion L.Y. is 7,5 10.26 cm to 4 10.27 cm with possible dense clusters of galaxies and immense voids

10) Average rays of gravitation and average distances :

Stars in the galaxies: ray of gravitation 4 10.16 cm - average distance 1 Pc is 3 10.18 cm

Galaxies in the groups and clusters : ray of gravitation 4 10.22 cm - average distance 1 Mpc is 3 10.24 cm

Galaxies clusters in the superclusters: ray of gravitation 1,4 10.24 cm - average distance from 1 to 10 Mpc is 3 10.24 cm to 3 10.25 cm

Superclusters of galaxies: ray of gravitation 5 10.24 cm to 10.25 cm - average distance 100 Mpc is 3 10.26 cm

The voids have average dimensions higher than 10.26 cm

Conclusions : If the preceding results are summarized, one notes that, in accordance with the requirements of the temporalist model, the sizes of the concentrations of matter, from the earth to the greatest structures, are, in order of magnitude, equal or lower than the rays of gravitation. Only the Great Attractor makes exception, with an order of magnitude near. It is probable that its mass or its distance, or both, are to be revised. This is all the more probable since the Great Attractor is hidden by dust of the disc of the Milky Way, which deteriorates the precision of measurements. The dimension of the voids, about 10.26 cm and more, is also explained by the lower ray of gravitation of the superclusters of galaxies of about 10.25 cm.

The classical theories of the gravitation at which the range of the forces is unlimited, just as the Hot Big Bang, can give no account either of the preceding results or of their precision. The universe is structured at intervals of distribution in three dimensions by superclusters with 120 Mpc (4 10.26 cm) separated by almost identical voids from 120 Mpc (4 10.26 cm), as in a chess-board. These structures, not to be understood in the preceding models, rise naturally from the finished range of the rays of gravitation specific to the temporalist model of gravitation.

Besides the formation of these broad voids, poses a serious problem with the model of Hot Big Bang. To cross a void of about 4 10.26 cm, at the average speed for a galaxy of 600 Km/sec, it would be necessary approximately 200 billion years for him, which means that the current situation of the galaxies and the voids reflects their situation at the time of Hot Big Bang !